This book offers a profound examination of the Turkic peoples within the Russian Empire and their evolving role in the region's political and cultural landscapes. It traces pivotal themes such as the Tatar cultural renaissance, the rise of Pan-Islamism led by figures like Ismail Bey Gasprinsky, and the emergence of national movements and political programs during the upheaval of 1905. The narrative navigates the challenges faced by Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Azerbaijanis as they sought to balance tradition with modernity. Against the backdrop of World War I, the Central Asian Revolt of 1916, and the Revolutions of 1917, the book captures the struggles for autonomy and reform among Russia’s Muslim communities. From Idel-Ural aspirations and the path to Soviet-dominated Tatary to the brief independence of Azerbaijan and the ideological conflicts of the Jadids, this comprehensive work illuminates the enduring legacy of these movements in shaping the region’s history.