This study explores the Kushbegi Archive, a crucial historical source for understanding agrarian relations in the Bukhara Emirate from the 19th century to the early 20th century. The Kushbegi, the chief minister and military commander of the emirate, oversaw land distribution, taxation, and agricultural policies. The research examines land ownership structures, taxation systems, irrigation practices, and peasant obligations, shedding light on the socio-economic hierarchy of rural Bukhara. By analyzing archival documents, decrees, and reports, this study provides insight into the power dynamics between landowners, peasants, and the ruling elite, as well as the gradual impact of Russian colonial influence on Bukhara’s agrarian economy.